What is meant by microfluidic chip?

A microfluidic chip is a device that is used in microfluidic applications. A microfluidic chip looks like an optical microscope coverslip, but has μm-thin internal channels. The microchannels are generally connected to external pumps to push nanoliters of fluid into the microchannels according to the microplate tubes. Microchannels can be as simple as parallel lines or as complex as a characteristic internet (chambers, channels) separated by thick walls, membranes or gate valves. Direct path microfluidic channels range from 1um to 1000um. microfluidic chips can be sized in the middle of ½" to 4" (~ one cm - 10 cm).

What raw materials are used to produce and manufacture microfluidic chips?

The hottest raw material pick for microfluidic chips is polydimethylsiloxane, alias polydimethylsiloxane. Channels are generally cast on the surface of PDMS sheets and sealed by laminated glass or PDMS plates. Microfluidic chips are also made of laminated glass only, in which the channels are etched and machined on the surface of the laminated glass and bonded to another piece of laminated glass. Silicon is also used in areas where electrical conductivity or heat transfer is necessary. Another raw material option for microfluidic chips is thermosetting plastics, such as polyvinyl acetate (PMMA) alias acrylic or Plexiglas sheets, and polycarbonate (PC) alias Lexan. plexiglass and Lexan are all brand names, but are generally used for PMMA and PC because of the fire. another raw material option is cyclic olefins, such as COC or COP. in order to better manufacture microfluidic chips with thermoset plastic production, channels are injection molded, extruded or heat stamped onto the surface of one tablet and later glued to another. Each raw material has advantages and disadvantages over the others.

How to use microfluidic chips?

Microfluidic chips are generally used as part of a large system software. The key is divided into three categories.

1. Laboratory chip setup

microfluidic chip cost

It is the most fashionable way to apply microfluidic chips. Microfluidic chips are used in laboratory setups for microfluidic science research where the chip is generally connected to a syringe pump using a tube. The fluid is introduced into the chip and physical, organic chemistry or experimental operations are performed. This setup can be applied according to a variety of methods. It can be used to separate some particles from others, such as tumor cells derived from basic somatic cells. It can be used for novel material generation. It can be used to shape somatic cells in the channel. It can be used to create water droplets in oil and to enrich liquids with genetic information. The use of microfluidics is enormous. In such setups, microfluidic chips are sometimes placed in a basic or inverted microscope to interrogate the pose or reflection in the channel. The chip can be placed under a laser, magnet, or piezoelectric acoustic frequency generator. For the use of human organs on the chip, the chip can be placed in a shaping box for a longer period of time. Microfluidic chips can be used in basically any laboratory where scientific research is conducted using some type of liquid.

2. Laboratory on a chip (LOAC)

A true lab-on-a-chip (LOC) or (LOAC) means that the entire pose is generated inside or around the microfluidic chip. This is also known as a small full data analysis system, uTAS. software for such a system should drive mobility based on capillary action or inline pumps. The steps are then manipulated and solved, and results are derived. Although many microfluidic chips are called LOC, none of the real LOCs have happened yet. The closest is probably the lateral flow kind of service platform, such as antigen detection during pregnancy or recently, but there is still disagreement whether the lateral flow service platform should be considered as microfluidic.

3. Integrated microfluidic chip

This type is right in the middle of the above. The microfluidic chip is generally integrated in an injection molded cartridge, cassette or module. The printer cartridge is then inserted into the detector or reading software, where most of the pushing, sensing and solving is carried out. Examples are fingertip glucose measuring instruments, or many of the newer point-of-care (POC) tests.

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Basically, all dermatologists will tell you that the most basic skin care is to clean up, moisturize, sunscreen isolation, moisturizing as one of the three key skin care stages, in the dry autumn, it is vital.

How do you want your skin to be moisturized to be more reasonable? The first thing you need to understand about skin moisturizing is what exactly is moisturizing?

The most important thing that you can do is to make sure that you have a good idea of what you are doing. The stratum corneum, despite being a layer of dead cells, is an essential key player in the skin moisturizing process.

The stratum corneum has a maintenance effect on the skin, it helps save the skin from moisture drainage on the one hand, and blocks external germs and dirt on the other, helping to keep the skin physically and mentally healthy.

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What is meant by the stratum corneum?

The epidermis can be divided into stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum dermis from top to bottom.

When the keratinocytes reach the most superficial layer, this cytobridge feels dissolved by proteolytic enzymes, and all normal conditions, the keratin will fall off together with the basic metabolism over the years, and the cells located in the dermis underneath will be pushed up to produce a new keratin layer to maintain the excellent moisturizing actual effect of the outer skin.

The whole process of shedding is very critical, if skin care is not reasonable, keratinocytes are shed too early, newborn keratinocytes can not catch up to transform into, will cause the natural barrier role of the stratum corneum to reduce, very easy to suffer external irritation skin allergies.

In turn, to the time of shedding does not fall off, brittle keratinocytes adhering to the stratum corneum, the skin will cause white flakes, resulting in rough, brittle, and even cracked skin.

The enzyme "keratinolytic enzyme" is responsible for the shedding of keratinocytes, and this enzyme must be specific to the standard of abundant moisture to be effective. If there is a lack of water, all the normal upgrading of the stratum corneum is not carried out, and many unshed stratum corneum cells remain on the surface of the skin.

This is one of the reasons why the skin is dry, white flaky and not smooth after less water. The necessity of moisturizing becomes obvious with how crucial moisture is for the stratum corneum.

How does the stratum corneum moisturize the skin?

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The stratum corneum contains many water-locking chemicals, which are divided into two key categories: the pure natural lipids between the stratum corneum and the moisturizing factors, which are added to the middle of the stratum corneum cells.

The stratum corneum is composed of 10-30 layers of keratinocytes and intercellular lipids. The cells of the stratum corneum carry a lot of water, which is absorbed by the natural moisturizing factor (NMF) in the keratinocytes and provides the basic metabolic application of the keratinocytes.

If there is a lack of water, the natural moisturizing factor has no water "can guarantee", all the normal metabolism of the keratinocytes occur problems, all the normal physiological role is endangered, will cause a series of skin problems.

日常肌膚保養

If the keratinocytes are moist and round, sorted, the smoothness of the skin will be very good. If the water outflow, keratinocytes gradually close, cell space expansion, skin barrier role is reduced, it is very easy to suffer external irritation, resulting in skin allergies, swelling, itching, stinging and other discomfort disease.

Water is the root of all physiological theme activities of keratinocytes, less this root, keratinocytes many physiological efficacy is will suffer harm.

It can be said that the moisturizing and hydrating skin care products are all made after the ingredients of the keratinocytes. The natural lipids metabolized by keratinocytes and the natural moisturizing factors are the key moisturizing ingredients, which are also the common ingredients in skin care products.

"Natural lipids" include ceramides, squalane, oleic acid, carbohydrates, glycerides, and other ingredients. The "natural moisturizing factors" include a wide variety of hyaluronic acid, carbohydrates, acid salts, glycans, lactic acid bacteria, PCA, glycans, chloride, sodium, calcium, magnesium and other positive ions and their urea solutions.

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